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DNA的提取与检测回目录


人和哺乳动物细胞基因组DNA的分离通常是在有EDTA、Sarkosye等一类去污剂存在下,用蛋白酶K消化细胞,随后用酚、氯仿抽提,经RNase处理和纯化来提取DNA,可用于细胞凋亡中对所引起DNA断裂、凝胶电泳呈现“梯形”条带的实验,在细胞凋亡章节中已介绍了有关DNA的提取和凝胶电泳鉴定,除此之外,提取纯化的DNA还可用于分析其结构,序列限制性内切酶片断长度多态性及其基因定位和克隆。
(一)DNA提取方法:
(1)取单层细胞,经无钙、镁PBS洗一次,用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,细胞悬液经PBS洗2次,弃上清,取细胞沉淀。
(2)加入2ml细胞裂解液(10mM Tris HCL,pH8.0,0.1mol/L EDTA,10mmol/L NaCL,1%SDS)充分混匀,加入蛋白酶K至终浓度为0.5~1g/L、Sarkosye终浓度为0.5%,混匀裂解蛋白呈糊状。
(3)50℃水浴2小时,转入37℃水浴过夜,次日加入等体积的饱和酚,轻轻颠倒混匀,以防止DNA断裂,约3分钟。
      12000r/min离心15分钟(室温)  
(4)取水相,再加入等体积酚/氯仿(1:1),同样颠倒混匀,去除蛋白质
      12000 r/min离心15分钟(室温)
(5)再重复步骤(4),再用等体积酚/氯仿(1:1)抽提一次
(6)取水相,再加入等体积氯仿,去除酚及蛋白质,颠倒混匀
      12000 r/min离心15分钟(室温)
(7)取水相,加入2倍体积的预冷无水乙醇,沉淀DNA,混匀-20℃放置1小时
      12000 r/min离心15分钟(室温)
(8)用70%乙醇洗涤一次,按上法离心将沉淀真空干燥10分钟。
(9)加入RNase A至终浓度100mg/L,37℃水浴消化1小时,消化污染的RNA。
(10)加入蛋白酶K至终浓度0.4g/L、Sarkosye至终浓度0.5%,混匀,50℃水浴2小时,加入Nace至终浓度10mmol/L。
(11)用等体积饱和酚各抽提一次,步骤同前。
(12)吸上清,加入氯仿/异戊醇(24:1),按上法再抽一次。
(13)取水相,加入2倍体积预冷无水乙醇,-20℃ 1小时。
(14)取沉淀用70%乙醇洗一次,真空干燥10分钟后溶于少量TE中,4℃贮存。
(二)DNA纯度检测及含量计算
DNA浓度用紫外分光光度计测定,核酸的光吸收值位于波长260nm处,蛋白质则位于280nm,分别测定后,其OD260/OD280的比值应大于1.75.低于此值,说明DNA中仍残留较多的蛋白质,此时可用酚、氯仿继续抽提纯化。若比值大于1.9表明DNA链破坏,断裂严重,已成为小分子,因此操作应轻柔。
取少许DNA溶液,经紫外线扫描,吸收峰值位于波长260nm处,其纯度应为OD260/OD280=1.8
OD260值为1的溶液大约含50μg/mL DNA,故DNA的浓度(μg/mL)=OD260值×50mg/L×稀释倍数。
DNA总量(μg)=DNA浓度(μg/mL)×总体积(mL)
DNA分子量大小测定,可用含溴化乙锭的1%琼脂凝胶电泳法测定,根据加入标准品片断的电泳迁移距离计算样品片断分子量大小,此技术还可用作分离基因组DNA,进一步进行Southern吸印分析。

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DNA Southern Blot回目录


本技术可用于基因组DNA特定序列定位,尤其可分析某些基因的限制性内切酶长度多态性,对遗传性疾病的早期基因诊断、产前诊断或基因变异等方面的研究有应用价值,其过程包括:样品DNA内切酶水解、水解片断的琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离、分离后水解片断的转移(固定)、特异性DNA片断的分子杂交及放射自显影。
(一)样品DNA内切酶水解
限制性内切酶(RE)可裂解双链DNA,每种酶其特点是具有高度特异性的DNA裂解点和不同电离子强度的特殊反应条件。不同产品其反应条件不同,应根据说明书操作。单位(U)RE活性是在37℃ 1小时内能将1μg DNA所有特异性位点切断的酶用量。若用两种以上不同的内切酶,要注意RE的最适盐浓度,要由低向高逐级添加适量盐逐个进行DNA切割。
1、配液:10×限制性酶消化缓冲液
   10×buffer O—无盐:100mmol/L Tris HCL pH7.4
                       1mg/mL BSA
                       100mmoL/L MgCL2
                       10mmol/L DTT(二硫苏糖醇)
   10×bnffer L—低盐:缓冲液O
                       0.5mol/L Nacl
   10×bnffer H—高盐:缓冲液O
                       1.0mol/L Nacl
2、操作步骤:
(1)将DNA(0.2~1.0μg)溶液加入EP管中,并加入适量H2O总体积为18μL,混匀。
(2)加入2mL 10×限制酶缓冲液,根据厂家建议的盐浓度选择不同的缓冲液。
(3)加1~2U限制性内切酶充分混合。
(4)37℃温育适当时间,时间需先进行预试验,摸索所需消化的时间,通常用琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定,酶解充分,各片断分子量从大到小分布均匀。
(5)加入0.5mol/L EDTA pH8.0使达到终浓度为10mmol/L终止反应。
(6)消化后的DNA直接进行琼脂糖电泳,方法同前,可用于分析或Southern Blot。
(二)Southern Blot及杂交。
将经电泳走在琼脂糖中的DNA变性、中和后,以毛细管作用在高盐缓冲液中转移至硝酸纤维膜上,再用放射性探针检测与之杂交的DNA。
1、配液:
  (1)变性溶液:1.5mol/L Nacl 0.5mol/L NaoH
  (2)中和溶液:200mL  20×SSC
               100mL  1mol/L HCL
               100mL  1mol/L Tris HCL pH8.0加水至500mL。
  (3)20×SSC: 在800mlH2O中溶解175.3g Nacl和88.2g柠檬酸钠,加入数滴10mol/L NaoH调pH至7.0加水至1000ml,高压消毒灭菌。
  (4)预杂交液:12.5mL  1mol K3 PO4 pH7.4
               125mL   20×SSC
               25mL    100×Denhardt'S溶液
               5mL     5mg/mL鱼精DNA
               250mL   100%去离子甲酰胺
               82.5mL   H2O(总体积为500mL)
  (5)100×Denhardt'S液:10g聚蔗糖(Ficoll400)
                         10g聚乙烯吡咯烷硐
                         10g牛血清白蛋白(组分V)
                         加H2O至500ml
2、操作步骤:
 (1)内切酶消化的DNA,总体积为50uL,加入10uL加样缓冲液进行12-24琼脂糖电泳。
(2)用溴化乙锭染色,紫外灯下观察并照像,在胶的旁边放一尺子。
(3)将电泳胶取出,用以下各溶液浸泡处理,同时轻轻摇动:
   500mL 0.2mol/L HCL 10分钟,水洗若干次
   500mL变性液中浸泡15分钟×2
   500mL中和溶液浸泡30分钟。
(4)剪一张硝酸纤维素膜,每边小于胶3mm。
(5)剪3~5层滤纸,大小每边比硝酸纤维膜小7mm,再剪一张滤纸,比胶的宽度长30~40cm,在一盘中加入数百毫升20×SSC,盘上搭一块玻璃,滤纸可从玻璃双侧浸到盘中的溶液。
(6)逐层放置滤纸、凝胶、硝酸纤维素膜,其上再铺滤纸及吸水纸,并加以重物,胶和硝酸纤维膜之间不可有气泡,转移24~36小时
(7)取出该膜,用圆珠笔标记方向,放入2×SSC中5分钟,用滤纸吸干,80℃烘烤2小时。
(8)将该转移膜放在塑料袋中,加入6~10mL预杂交液,排出气泡,封口,42℃ 3小时或过夜。
(9)将标记的DNA探针煮沸5分钟,立即冷却,加入杂交液中,浓度为5×105 CPM/ML。
(10)倒去预杂交液,加入含探针的杂交液封口,42℃ 6h或过夜。
(11)取出转移膜,按以下条件洗膜
   1×SSC,0.1%SDS室温2×15分钟
   0.25SSC,0.1%SDS,42℃ 2×15分钟,气中干燥。
(12)将杂交后的膜曝光于X光片,暗盒中放射自显影2~7天,-70℃。
(13)X片显影、定影,然后读片
  结果分析:此杂交技术可以对基因结构进行分析。杂交阴性带的大小,分布规律及根据带条信号强度测量其含量。

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Southern Blot回目录

1. Run the gel as normal. Often for genomic southerns it is desirable to run long gels (18cm) over 4-6hrs.
2. Photograph the gel with a ruler adjacent to the molecular weight markers as a reference.
3. Alkali transfer buffer = 0.5M NaOH (20g/lt), 1.5M NaCl (87.66 g/lt). Prepare 1 litre for one gel and another 750ml for each additional gel. BEWARE This buffer is very dangerous, capable of causing severe eye damage. Use the large volumes involved in this procedure with care and wear protective glasses.
4. Add the gel to 250ml alkali transfer buffer, plus 125ml for each additional gel.
5. Place gel on rocker with buffer solution for 20 mins. NOTE low % agarose gels must be agitated slowly to prevent tearing.
6. Keep remaining 500ml for the transfer tank.
Wear gloves for the following steps
7. Cut 2 pieces of large 3MM paper (wicks) and 2 pieces about 2mm smaller than the gel on each edge and one piece of nylon (Hybond N+, Amersham) the same size as the gel.
Large gel (HFI) Medium gel Mini gel
2 (14 x 19 cm) 2 (15.2 x 10) 2 (9 x 5.2)
2 (14 x 32cm) 2 (15.2 x 32) 2 (18.5 x 5.2)
Cut a stack of paper toweling about 2mm smaller than the gel. The stack needs to be about 6cm thick.
8. Prewet nylon in DDW, then soak in alkali transfer buffer.
9. Add buffer to transfer tank to the level of the platform. Wet the long wicks in transfer buffer and place in the tank.
10. Place gel on platform and spoon on transfer buffer. Add the Nylon and smooth out any bubbles with the back of your finger.
11. Add the 2 slightly smaller 3MM filters, the first prewetted, the second dry.
12. Add the stack of paper towels. NOTE it is very important that the edges of the towel do not touch the wicks that the gel is sitting on or the transfer will be " shortcircuited".
13. Top the stack with a glass or plastic plate and a weight (a bottle with about 200-300ml H2O is ideal). Too much weight compresses the gel and terminates the transfer early.
14. Allow to transfer o/n and then remove the stack carefully. Mark the position of the wells on the filter with a biro (and note position of well #1) before removing the filter. Soak the filter in 0.5M Tris pH 7.5, 1.5M NaCl for 5min. after removal from the gel.
15. Add filter to 200ml 2 X SSC and allow to soak without agitation for 5'.
16. Remove filter and blot dry and bake at 80? for 2hr or place in autoclave for 10' when not operating but warm.
17. Prehybridize with 10ml Aqua. hyb. (Reagents), 1% SDS and 100ug/ml boiled herring sperm DNA for 20-30 minutes (cloned DNA southern) to several hrs (genomic southern).
18. Boil probe for 3' and add to 3ml of fresh hyb solution/SDS/Herring DNA. Squeeze prehyb from the bag and add probe. Seal, avoiding air bubbles and distribute the probe well. Incubate for 4-6hr+ (cloned DNA) to 16-20hr (genomic southern). Washes are performed in 2 to 0.2X SSC, 0.1% SDS depending on homology of probe to target.

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五天完成Southern blot回目录


第一天 (restriction enzyme digestion)

1.取待测的genomic DNA,用二次水稀释10倍
(30μl的DNA 加270μlddH2O→ 300μl)
2.换算genomic DNA浓度(OD260),再换算取10μg所需的体积。
3.取10μg DNA,用限制酵素EcoRI、BamHI各2μl切O/N,将total体积调成400μl。(最好用1.5mL eppendorf)

第二天 (precipitation with ethanol)

1.取酵作用后的DNA 2μl run 0.8% Gel,确认DNA是否有切动。(成带状,RFLP)
2.若DNA有被切动,则进行酒精盐沉淀法将DNA沉淀出来。
    i.加入总体积1/10的3M NaOAc(40μl)
   ii.再加入1μl的glycogen
   iii.最后加入两倍体积的100% EtOH(800μl)
   iv.放入-20℃中一至二小时以上
   Ps要摇晃均匀,否则会结冰
3.自冰箱中取出,离心13,000rpm,15 mins。
4.小心倒掉上清液,再用干净的擦手纸将多余的水份去除(注意,勿将pellet移除。)亦可用风干或加热去除水分。PS.此步骤一定要确实将酒精完全除去,才不致影响电泳。
5.待水份完全蒸发,加入40μl TE buffer将DNA溶解于室温O/N。

第三天 (electrophoresis & transfer)

1. 将40μl的DNA于55℃干浴槽加热溶解十分钟,此时total体积浓缩成30μl左右。
2.等待体积浓缩之同时,制备150~170ml 1% agarose gel,倒到模子里,
约10~12mm厚度。
3.浓缩后的DNA用loading dye(5μl)混合后,loading至well内。
4.将电源供应器之电压值调至100 ~ 150 Volt供电。(视需要而调整,常用120 Volt,跑到gel的2/3处。)
5.将跑完电泳的gel放入Denaturating solution中作用45 mins。
6.接着再将gel换到Neutralizing buffer内中和30+15 mins。
7.中和之后的gel可利用传统方法(毛细现象)或抽气法将ssDNA转渍到Hybond-N+ membrane上。
第四天 (pre-hybrid & hybridization)

1.将transfer完成的membrane用2X SSC冲洗,再用UV-light做cross-linking,放入烘箱内80℃固定2hours以上。
2.在固定的同时准备standard buffer并预温至 hybridization的温度。
3.将固定好的membrane放入预温好的pre-hybridization buffer中,于hybridization的温度中pre-hybrid半小时。
4.pre-hybrid完毕后,用合成好并Denature的probe(存在于pre-hybridization buffer)置换先前的pre-hybridization buffer,以进行hybridization overnight。(>16 hours)

第五天 (wash & detection)

Wash
1.首先将probe回收到50ml离心管中,并放入-20℃保存。
2. 将membrane放入post-hybridization wash buffer-1内,于室温下wash 5 mins两次。
3.之后用post-hybridization wash buffer-2于68℃ wash 15 mins两次。
Detection
4.将wash后的membrane用detection washing buffer润湿1~5 mins
5.用30ml 1X Blocking reagent solution浸泡30-40 mins,此步骤可以延长。
6.之后用20 ml antibody solution作用30 mins。
7.接着以detection washing buffer于室温下wash 15 mins两次。
8.随后,取适量的detection buffer将membrane润湿2~5 mins。
 (这些步骤都要保持membrane的湿润,不可使其干掉,否则会影响压片结果。)
9.接着用擦手纸由membrane背面将水吸略干,将先前配制好的CSPD solution滴在投影片上,并使之均匀的在membrane正面分布开,使其作用5 mins
10.取出membrane,将背面多余的液体用擦手纸吸干。此步骤需全干,否则会
影响压片的结果。
11.将membrane用保鲜膜包好后放入37℃暖房10min中以增强酵素呈色反应
12.取出membrane,于暗房内压底片及显影。

Probe washing:将membrane于ddH2O中rinse,于37∘C下,用Post-detection membrane wash solution wash 15 mins两次。之后用2X SSC短暂清洗,重新用pre-hybridize之后的步骤处理

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Southern Blot Protocol回目录


1) Digest genomic DNA at 37C overnight.
a) 10 g DNA with 5 Units restriction enzyme / 1 g DNA
Sample Concentration Amount to Add (L)
ddH2O  
10 x Buffer  
DNA:  
Enzyme:  
b) Final volume 50 L
2) Inactivate enzyme by incubating at 65C for 15 min.
3) Add 10 L 6x loading buffer.
4) Load sample on a 0.7% TBE agarose gel (400 mL size).
5) Use 10 L 1 kb plus DNA ladder.
6) Run gel overnight at 60V.
7) Stain gel:
a) Put gel in tupperware.
b) Pour ~1 L TBE running buffer from gel box into tupperware.
c) Add 50 L ethidium bromide to TBE.
d) Shake on orbital shaker at 24-26 rpm for ~30 min.
8) Make picture of gel—take fluorescent ruler along.
9) Treat gel with 1 L of 0.25 M HCl (20.8 mL 12 M HCl in 979.2 mL ddH2O) for 20 min.  During incubation time, bromophenol blue will turn yellow (pH indicator).
• For higher molecular weight fragments it may be better to use 0.4 M HCl for up to 30 min.
10) Rinse the gel with dH2O.
11) Treat gel with Denaturing Solution (DS) twice for 20 min. each.  Use 1 L each treatment:
Denaturing Solution:
 1.5 M NaCl (330 mL 5 M NaCl)
 0.5 M NaOH (50 mL 10 M NaOH)
 620 mL dH2O
12) Equilibrate gel for 5-15 min. in Transfer Buffer (TB).  Use 1 L:
Transfer Buffer:
 1.5 M NaCl (330 mL 5 M NaCl)
 0.25 M NaOH (25 mL 10 M NaOH)
 645 mL dH2O
13) Setting up the blot (air bubbles are your enemy!):
a) Lay a TB-prewetted double layer of Whatman paper (fits size of the gel) onto the transfer tray, it should reach the buffer reservoir on both sides.
b) Put the gel flipped upside-down onto the Whatman paper, remove air bubbles from between the Whatman paper and the gel by rolling gently with a 5 or 10 mL serological pipet.
c) Stretch parafilm across three sides of tray surrounding the gel to prevent paper from wicking anywhere else but through the gel.  Parafilm should prevent paper towels, etc from touching reservoir.
d) Put a TB-prewetted nylon membrane (Hybond N+, Amersham) on the gel.
e) Put 3 layers of TB-prewetted Whatman paper on top of it.
f) Put 1 dry Whatman paper on top.
g) Put 3 layers of blotting papers (Sigma) on top of Whatman papers.
h) Pour ~1 L Transfer Buffer into tray.
i) Stretch parafilm over remaining side of tray.
j) Add ~10-20 cm layers or 2/3 of a pack of paper towels (the white ones are the better soakers).
k) Put horizontal surface on top of paper towels.  Make sure the entire thing is level.
l) Put a weight on top (an empty bottle works well).  It may be useful to cover the whole blotting tower with plastic wrap to prevent drying out (if run over the weekend).
m) The transfer time should be 12-24 hours (O/N).
n) After transfer, rinse the membrane in 2X SSC with gentle shaking for a few minutes and allow to dry completely (30-45 min).
o) UV cross-link and store between 2 sheets of Whatman paper.

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